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Closer Economic Relations

Толкование Перевод

1 Closer Economic Relations

Торговое соглашение об укреплении экономических связей с Австралией (направлено на постепенное снятие ограничений на импортно-экспортные операции в торговле между Новой Зеландией и Австралией. Вступило в силу 1 января 1983; тж. Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement)

Australia and New Zealand. English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Closer Economic Relations
2 Closer Economic Relations agreement

Fin

see Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

The ultimate business dictionary > Closer Economic Relations agreement
3 Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

док.

сокр. ANZCERTA межд. эк. Торговое соглашение о тесных экономических отношениях между Австралией и Новой Зеландией* (соглашение, ставящее своей целью экономическое сближение между Австралией и Новой Зеландией, подразумевающее формирование зоны свободной торговли между двумя странами; вступило в силу в 1983 г.)

Syn:

CER, CER agreement

See:

free trade area, free trade agreement

Англо-русский экономический словарь > Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
4 Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

Fin

an accord between Australia and New Zealand designed to facilitate the exchange of goods between the two countries. It was signed on January 1, 1983.

Abbr. ANZCERTA

The ultimate business dictionary > Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
5 economic integration

межд. эк. экономическая интеграция (углубление экономического взаимодействия двух или более регионов или стран; экономическая интеграция может принимать несколько форм: создание зон преференциальной торговли, зон свободной торговли, таможенных союзов, общего рынка, валютных и экономических союзов)

See:

Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, Bangkok Agreement, Central European Free Trade Agreement, North American Free Trade Agreement, Andean Community, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Baltic Free Trade Area, Caribbean Community, CARIBCAN, Central American Common Market, Central African Economic and Monetary Community, Chinese Economic Area, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, East African Cooperation, Economic Community of Central African States, Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries, Economic Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Community, European Economic Area, European Free Trade Association, European Union, German Economic and Monetary Union, Gulf Cooperation Council, Mercosur, Latin American Economic System, Latin American Integration Association, Melanesian Spearhead Group, West African Economic and Monetary Union, preferential trade area, free trade area, customs union, common market, monetary union, economic union, monetary integration, trade integration, deep integration, shallow integration, negative integration, positive integration, regional integration, European integration, political integration, hub and spokes

* * *

экономическая интеграция

* * *

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ
. формирование (при активном участии государственных структур) устойчивых всесторонних связей между национальными хозяйствами двух или большего числа стран, в ходе которого происходит взаимопроникновение (сращивание) процессов воспроизводства, научное сотрудничество, образование тесных хозяйственных, научно-производственных и торговых связей. . Словарь экономических терминов 1 .
* * *

Международные экономические отношения

интеграция экономическая

качественно новый этап интернационализации хозяйственной жизни, предполагает сближение отдельных национальных хозяйств путем концентрации и переплетения капитала, проведения согласованной межгосударственной политики

Англо-русский экономический словарь > economic integration
6 Australia

сущ.

общ. Австралия (республика; столица — Канберра; государственный язык английский; национальная валюта — австралийский доллар)

Syn:

Commonwealth of Australia

See:

Australian dollar, Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents, Wassenaar Arrangement, Commonwealth of Nations, Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Pacific Islands Forum, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, Group of Twelve, Group of Twenty, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris Club, Cairns Group, Australia Group, Colombo Plan, ASEAN Regional Forum, Visa Waiver Program, Reserve Bank of Australia, developed countries, advanced economies, high-income countries, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Norfolk Island, Anglosphere

Англо-русский экономический словарь > Australia
7 New Zealand

сокр. NZ общ. Новая Зеландия (республика; столица — Веллингтон; государственный язык английский; национальная валюта — новозеландский доллар)

See:

New Zealand dollar, Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, Wassenaar Arrangement, Commonwealth of Nations, Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, Cairns Group, Australia Group, Colombo Plan, ASEAN Regional Forum, Visa Waiver Program, Reserve Bank of New Zealand, developed countries, advanced economies, high-income countries, Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, Anglosphere

Англо-русский экономический словарь > New Zealand
8 free trade area

сокр. FTA межд. эк. зона свободной торговли (группа стран, устранивших тарифные и нетарифные торговые барьеры во взаимной торговле; cтраны-участницы зоны свободной торговли, в отличие от стран-участниц таможенного союза, продолжают использовать свои национальные тарифы в отношении импорта из стран, не участвующих в соглашении)

See:

ASEAN Free Trade Area, Baltic Free Trade Area, European Free Trade Area, North American Free Trade Area, free trade area agreement, Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, World Trade Organization, European Economic Area, Central Europe Free Trade Association, Latin American Free Trade Association, preferential trade agreement, customs union, trade integration

* * *
зона свободной торговли: группа стран, торговля между которыми не ограничена таможенными пошлинами.
* * *

зона свободной торговли

Англо-русский экономический словарь > free trade area
9 ANZCERTA

док.

межд. эк. сокр. от Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

Англо-русский экономический словарь > ANZCERTA
10 CER

док.

межд. эк. сокр. от Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

Англо-русский экономический словарь > CER
11 CER agreement

док.

межд. эк. сокр. от Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

Англо-русский экономический словарь > CER agreement
12 trade agreement

межд. эк. торговое соглашение, торговый договор ( соглашение между двумя или более странами о режиме взаимной торговли)

Syn:

trade treaty

See:

asymmetrical trade agreement, bilateral trade agreement, multilateral trade agreement, preferential trade agreement, reciprocal trade agreement, regional trade agreement, Trade Agreements Act of 1934, Trade Agreements Act of 1979, Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, free trade agreement, trade barriers, most favoured nation clause, national treatment

* * *

торговый договор

* * *

Коммерческая деятельность

торговое соглашение

торговый договор между двумя или несколькими странами

Англо-русский экономический словарь > trade agreement
13 CER

1) Медицина: control event rate

2) Военный термин: Comprehensive Evaluation Reports, Controller of Research and Development Establishments and Research, Cryptographic Equipment Room, certification evaluation review, change evaluation request, combat effectiveness report, commanders evaluation report, complete engine repair, control of electromagnetic radiation, cost estimating relationship

3) Техника: condition evaluation report, country evaluation review, critical experiment reactor, керамический (сокр. от "ceramic")

4) Сельское хозяйство: Controlled Environment Rooms

5) Строительство: объективная оценка (экспертная оценка, CER( cold eyes review))

6) Железнодорожный термин: Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies

7) Юридический термин: cross-product master agreement

8) Австралийский сленг: Closer Economic Relations

9) Автомобильный термин: cold enrichment rod (Ford)

10) География: Регион континентальной Европы (Continental European Region)

11) Оптика: contactless electroreflectance

12) Сокращение: Communication Equipment Room, Cost Estimating Relationships, certified emission reductions (термин в Киотском протоколе)

13) Университет: Center For Educational Restoration

14) Физиология: Capsule, Extended Release

15) Вычислительная техника: cellular radio, Cell Error Ratio (ATM)

16) Холодильная техника: controlled environment room

17) Экология: (Certified Emission Reductions) Сертифицированные сокращения выбросов (ССВ) (термин в Киотском протоколе)

18) Деловая лексика: Capital Expenditure Request

19) Океанография: Coordinated Ecosystem Research

20) Сахалин А: central equipment room

21) Медицинская техника: пользовательский лог, пользовательский лог событий, Customer Event Report

22) Расширение файла: Canonical Encoding Rules, Security certificate, Compilation error messages (Lahey Fortran)

23) Маркетология: Customer Experience Registration

24) Фармация: Clinical Expert Report

25) Аэропорты: Cherbourg, France

26) НАСА: Controlled Energy Release

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CER
14 Cer

1) Медицина: control event rate

2) Военный термин: Comprehensive Evaluation Reports, Controller of Research and Development Establishments and Research, Cryptographic Equipment Room, certification evaluation review, change evaluation request, combat effectiveness report, commanders evaluation report, complete engine repair, control of electromagnetic radiation, cost estimating relationship

3) Техника: condition evaluation report, country evaluation review, critical experiment reactor, керамический (сокр. от "ceramic")

4) Сельское хозяйство: Controlled Environment Rooms

5) Строительство: объективная оценка (экспертная оценка, CER( cold eyes review))

6) Железнодорожный термин: Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies

7) Юридический термин: cross-product master agreement

8) Австралийский сленг: Closer Economic Relations

9) Автомобильный термин: cold enrichment rod (Ford)

10) География: Регион континентальной Европы (Continental European Region)

11) Оптика: contactless electroreflectance

12) Сокращение: Communication Equipment Room, Cost Estimating Relationships, certified emission reductions (термин в Киотском протоколе)

13) Университет: Center For Educational Restoration

14) Физиология: Capsule, Extended Release

15) Вычислительная техника: cellular radio, Cell Error Ratio (ATM)

16) Холодильная техника: controlled environment room

17) Экология: (Certified Emission Reductions) Сертифицированные сокращения выбросов (ССВ) (термин в Киотском протоколе)

18) Деловая лексика: Capital Expenditure Request

19) Океанография: Coordinated Ecosystem Research

20) Сахалин А: central equipment room

21) Медицинская техника: пользовательский лог, пользовательский лог событий, Customer Event Report

22) Расширение файла: Canonical Encoding Rules, Security certificate, Compilation error messages (Lahey Fortran)

23) Маркетология: Customer Experience Registration

24) Фармация: Clinical Expert Report

25) Аэропорты: Cherbourg, France

26) НАСА: Controlled Energy Release

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Cer
15 cer

1) Медицина: control event rate

2) Военный термин: Comprehensive Evaluation Reports, Controller of Research and Development Establishments and Research, Cryptographic Equipment Room, certification evaluation review, change evaluation request, combat effectiveness report, commanders evaluation report, complete engine repair, control of electromagnetic radiation, cost estimating relationship

3) Техника: condition evaluation report, country evaluation review, critical experiment reactor, керамический (сокр. от "ceramic")

4) Сельское хозяйство: Controlled Environment Rooms

5) Строительство: объективная оценка (экспертная оценка, CER (cold eyes review))

6) Железнодорожный термин: Community of European Railway and Infrastructure Companies

7) Юридический термин: cross-product master agreement

8) Австралийский сленг: Closer Economic Relations

9) Автомобильный термин: cold enrichment rod (Ford)

10) География: Регион континентальной Европы (Continental European Region)

11) Оптика: contactless electroreflectance

12) Сокращение: Communication Equipment Room, Cost Estimating Relationships, certified emission reductions (термин в Киотском протоколе)

13) Университет: Center For Educational Restoration

14) Физиология: Capsule, Extended Release

15) Вычислительная техника: cellular radio, Cell Error Ratio (ATM)

16) Холодильная техника: controlled environment room

17) Экология: (Certified Emission Reductions) Сертифицированные сокращения выбросов (ССВ) (термин в Киотском протоколе)

18) Деловая лексика: Capital Expenditure Request

19) Океанография: Coordinated Ecosystem Research

20) Сахалин А: central equipment room

21) Медицинская техника: пользовательский лог, пользовательский лог событий, Customer Event Report

22) Расширение файла: Canonical Encoding Rules, Security certificate, Compilation error messages (Lahey Fortran)

23) Маркетология: Customer Experience Registration

24) Фармация: Clinical Expert Report

25) Аэропорты: Cherbourg, France

26) НАСА: Controlled Energy Release

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > cer
16 CER

сокр. от Closer Economic Relations

Australia and New Zealand. English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > CER
17 ANZCERTA

abbr. Fin

Australia and New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

The ultimate business dictionary > ANZCERTA
18 relation

n

(among, between, with) отношение; связь

to adjust production relations — регулировать производственные отношения

to advance one's relations — давать новый толчок развитию отношений между своими странами

to affect relations with other countries — отражаться на отношениях с другими странами

to aggravate the relations — обострять отношения

to arrange economic relations on a long-term basis — строить экономические отношения на долговременной основе

to attain sharp improvement in relations — достигать резкого улучшения в отношениях

to be set on a course of improved relations with the rest of the world — идти по линии улучшения отношений с остальными странами мира

to bedevil relations — отрицательно сказываться на отношениях

to beef up relations — укреплять отношения

to better relations — улучшать отношения

to break off diplomatic relations altogether — полностью разрывать дипломатические отношения

to break up relations — разрывать отношения

to bring relations with a country back to a balance — нормализировать отношения с какой-л. страной

to bring about a further improvement in East-West relations — приводить к дальнейшему улучшению отношений между Востоком и Западом

to build new social relations — строить новые общественные отношения

to carry out diplomatic relations — осуществлять дипломатические отношения

to cast a shadow over relations — омрачать отношения

to cause a rift in relations — приводить к ухудшению в отношениях

to clear away obstacles to better relations with smb — убирать все, что препятствует улучшению отношений с кем-л.

to cloud smb's relations — омрачать отношения

to color smb's relations — отражаться на чьих-л. отношениях

to complicate relations — осложнять отношения

to consolidate improvement in relations — закреплять улучшение отношений

to contribute to the expansion of friendly relations — способствовать расширению дружественных связей

to create friction in relations — создавать трения в отношениях

to cut (off) diplomatic relations with smb — разрывать с кем-л. дипломатические отношения

to damage relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами

to deal a severe blow to relations between smb — наносить серьезный удар по отношениям между кем-л.

to develop good-neighborly relations — развивать добрососедские отношения

to disturb relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами

to downgrade one's diplomatic relations with smb — понижать уровень дипломатических отношений с кем-л.

to ensure stable economic relations — гарантировать / обеспечивать устойчивые экономические отношения

to enter (into) a new era of relations — начинать новую эру в отношениях

to entertain friendly relations with smb — поддерживать дружеские отношения с кем-л.

to establish equitable relations with smb — устанавливать равноправные отношения с кем-л.

to exacerbate international relations — обострять международные отношения

to expand relations — расширять отношения

to express an interest in better relations with smb — проявлять интерес к улучшению отношений с кем-л.

to extend relations — расширять отношения

to foster good relations with a country — способствовать развитию хороших отношений с какой-л. страной

to freeze relations — замораживать отношения

to get to the heart of relations — переходить к сути отношений

to give a new impetus to relations — давать новый импульс развитию отношений

to govern international economic relations — определять международные экономические отношения

to have diplomatic relations — иметь / поддерживать дипломатические отношения

to heal a rift in relations — ликвидировать разлад в отношениях

to heal the strained relations with a country — устранять напряженность в отношениях с какой-л. страной

to hope for improved relations — надеяться на улучшение отношений

to impair relations — неблагоприятно отражаться на отношениях

to impose new strains on the government's relations with smb — еще больше осложнять отношения правительства с кем-л.

to improve relations with smb — улучшать свои отношения с кем-л.

to inject a strain in the relations between smb — вносить напряженность в отношения между кем-л.

to institutionalize new relations — законодательно закреплять / узаконивать отношения

to interrupt relations — (временно) прерывать отношения

to introduce market relations — вводить рыночные отношения

to introduce new strains in smb's relations with a country — делать еще более напряженными / еще больше усложнять чьи-л. отношения с какой-л. страной

to jeopardize relations — ставить под угрозу отношения

to keep up relations — поддерживать дипломатические отношения

to lay the foundations of international relations — закладывать основу международных отношений

to lead to better relations — приводить к улучшению отношений

to look forward to improved relations with... — надеяться на улучшение отношений с...

to maintain diplomatic relations — поддерживать дипломатические отношения

to make a plea for closer relations between smb — выступать с призывом упрочить отношения между кем-л.

to mar relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами

to mend relations — налаживать отношения

to normalize relations — нормализовать отношения

to open a new era in relations — открывать новую эру в отношениях

to open diplomatic relations with... — устанавливать дипломатические отношения с...

to patch up one's relations — восстанавливать хорошие взаимоотношения

to pave the way for an improvement of relations between... — прокладывать путь к улучшению отношений между...

to place relations between two countries on a new footing — ставить отношения между двумя странами на новую основу

to place strain on relations between... — вносить напряженность в отношения между...

to plague relations — отравлять / омрачать / портить отношения

to plunge smb's relations in a new crisis — ввергать чьи-л. отношения в новый кризис

to poison relations — отравлять / омрачать / портить отношения

to prejudice relations — отражаться на отношениях

to preserve harmonious relations — сохранять гармоничные отношения

to promote friendly relations — способствовать развитию дружественных отношений

to put relations between two countries on a new footing — ставить отношения между двумя странами на новую основу

to raise relations to a new level — поднимать отношения на новый уровень

to reassess one's relations with a country — пересматривать свои отношения с какой-л. страной

to rebuild one's relations with smb — восстанавливать свои отношения с кем-л.

to recast / to reconsider one's relations with smb — пересматривать свои отношения с кем-л.

to reestablish diplomatic relations — восстанавливать дипломатические отношения

to reform one's relations with smb — перестраивать свои отношения с кем-л.

to reformulate one's relations with smb — пересматривать свои отношения с кем-л.

to remove obstacles to normal relations — устранять препятствия для нормализации отношений

to render inconceivable any improvement in relations — делать немыслимым какое-л. улучшение отношений

to renew diplomatic relations — восстанавливать дипломатические отношения

to renormalize relations — снова нормализовать отношения

to reopen diplomatic relations — восстанавливать дипломатические отношения

to repair relations — улучшать / нормализовать отношения

to reshape relations — изменять отношения

to restore diplomatic relations — восстанавливать дипломатические отношения

to restructure international relations — перестраивать международные отношения

to resume diplomatic relations — восстанавливать дипломатические отношения

to review one's relations with smb — пересматривать свои отношения с кем-л.

to rupture diplomatic relations — разрывать дипломатические отношения

to see smb about bilateral relations — встречаться с кем-л. для обсуждения двухсторонних отношений

to seek better relations with... — добиваться улучшения отношений с...

to set up diplomatic relations with smb — устанавливать дипломатические отношения с кем-л.

to sever relations — разрывать отношения

to smooth relations with smb — улучшать свои отношения с кем-л.

to solidify relations — укреплять отношения

to sour relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами

to sow discord in relations — вносить разлад в отношениях

to stall further improvement in relations — приостанавливать дальнейшее улучшение отношений

to strain relations — обострять отношения

to strengthen relations — укреплять отношения

to suspend relations — (временно) прерывать отношения

to take relations to the brink of rupture — приводить отношения на грань разрыва

to take up full diplomatic relations — возобновлять дипломатические отношения в полном объеме

to test the waters for the restoration of diplomatic relations — прощупывать почву относительно возможности восстановления дипломатических отношений

to turn a new page in relations with smb — открывать новую страницу в отношениях с кем-л.

to unfreeze relations between smb — размораживать отношения между кем-л.

to upgrade relations — поднимать отношения на более высокий уровень

to want better relations with smb — хотеть улучшения отношений с кем-л.

to warm (up) one's relations with smb — улучшать свои отношения с кем-л.

to withhold diplomatic relations — воздерживаться от установления дипломатических отношений

to work for better relations — добиваться улучшения отношений

to worsen relations between two countries — портить / ухудшать отношения между двумя странами

- blank spot in smb's relations
- acceleration of relations
- aggravation relations
- agrarian relations
- amicable relations
- antagonistic relations
- balanced relations
- bilateral relations
- breach of relations
- break in relations
- breakdown in relations
- breakthrough in relations
- brotherly relations
- business relations
- capitalist relations
- causal relation
- cause-and-effect relations
- chill in relations
- chilly relations
- church-state relations
- church-to-state relations
- civilian-military relations
- clan relations
- close relations
- cold relations
- commercial relations
- commodity-money relations
- comprehensive improvement of relations
- constructive relations
- consular relations
- continuity in foreign relations
- cool relations
- cooling of relations
- cordial relations with smb
- credit and monetary relations
- credit relations
- crisis in relations
- cultural relations
- currency and credit relations
- demographic relations
- deteriorating relations
- deterioration in relations
- development of relations
- diplomatic relations
- direct diplomatic relations
- East-West relations
- economic relations
- equitable relations
- establishing of relations
- establishment of relations
- exemplary relations
- existing relations
- exploitative relations
- export-import relations
- external relations
- family and marital relations
- feudal-patriarchal social relations
- flourishing relations
- foreign economic relations
- foreign policy relations
- foreign relations
- formal relations
- fragile relations
- fraternal relations
- freeze in relations
- friendly relations
- frostiness in relations
- frosty relations
- good neighborhood relations
- good relations
- growing warmth in relations between the two countries
- harmonious relations
- healthy relations
- high level of relations between smb
- high point in relations
- human relations
- improved relations
- in spite of improved relations
- in the field of international relations
- industrial relations
- inequitable relations
- inter-American relations
- interethnic relations
- intergovernmental relations
- international cultural relations
- international legal relations
- international relations
- interparty relations
- interpersonal relations
- interruption of relations
- interstate relations
- kinship relations
- labor relations
- landmark in relations
- legal relations
- level of relations
- lukewarm relations
- lull of relations
- marital relations
- market relations
- matriarchal relations
- mature relations
- maturing of relations
- milestone in relations between smb
- monetary relations
- money relations
- moral relations
- multilateral relations
- mutual distrust in relations
- mutual relations
- mutually beneficial relations
- national relations
- need for further improved relations between the two countries
- neighborly relations
- new era in international relations
- new page in relations
- new relations
- new type of relations
- nonantagonistic relations
- normal relations
- normalization of relations
- obstacle to better relations
- official relations
- party-to-party relations
- patriarchal relations
- peaceful relations
- permanent diplomatic relations
- political relations
- positive assessments of relations
- power lever in relations
- precapitalist relations
- prevailing relations
- prickly relations
- private economic relations
- private property relations
- production relations
- progressive relations
- proper relations
- public relations
- race relations
- reestablisment of relations
- relation of forces
- relations among states
- relations are at a low ebb
- relations are at a very sensitive stage
- relations are at an impasse
- relations are at the lowest point
- relations are complicated
- relations are going perceptibly warmer by the day
- relations are overshadowed
- relations are seriously strained
- relations are severely strained
- relations are tense
- relations are troubled
- relations at the ambassadorial level
- relations between smb are taking a turn for the worse
- relations between the two countries were slightly downhill
- relations calm down
- relations came close to breaking point
- relations clouded by smth
- relations deteriorated
- relations have plunged to a new lowebb
- relations have soured to a new lowebb
- relations have taken a decided turn for the better
- relations have taken a step forward
- relations improve dramatically
- relations improve substantially
- relations move on to a new footing
- relations of friendship
- relations of peace, good-neighborliness and co-operation
- relations of production
- relations soured
- relations turned to ice
- relations warm up
- renewal of relations
- reopening of relations
- reordering of relations
- restoration of relations
- resumption of relations
- rift in relations
- rupture in relations
- severance of diplomatic relations
- sincere relations
- Sino-Russian relations
- social and legal relations
- social relations
- socialist relations
- socio-economic relations
- souring of relations
- special relations
- sphere of foreign economic relations

- stable relations
- state of relations
- state-to-state relations
- step back in relations
- strained relations
- straining in relations
- stumbling block to improving relations between...
- superpower relations
- tense relations
- tension-free relations
- thaw in relations
- trade and economic relations
- trade relations
- trading relations
- transition nature of relations
- treaty relations
- tribal relations
- turning point in relations
- uneasy relations
- unruffled relations
- warm relations
- warming of relations
- within the frame of East-West relations
- working relations
- world economic relations

Politics english-russian dictionary > relation
19 Spain

   Portugal's independence and sovereignty as a nation-state are based on being separate from Spain. Achieving this on a peninsula where its only landward neighbor, Spain, is stronger, richer, larger, and more populous, raises interesting historical questions. Considering the disparity in size of population alone — Spain (as of 2000) had a population of 40 million, whereas Portugal's population numbered little over 10 million—how did Portugal maintain its sometimes precarious independence? If the Basques, Catalans, and Galicians succumbed to Castilian military and political dominance and were incorporated into greater Spain, how did little Portugal manage to survive the "Spanish menace?" A combination of factors enabled Portugal to keep free of Spain, despite the era of "Babylonian Captivity" (1580-1640). These include an intense Portuguese national spirit; foreign assistance in staving off Spanish invasions and attacks between the late 14th century and the mid l9th century, principally through the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance and some assistance from France; historical circumstances regarding Spain's own trials and tribulations and decline in power after 1600.

   In Portugal's long history, Castile and Leon (later "Spain," as unified in the 16th century) acted as a kind of Iberian mother and stepmother, present at Portugal's birth as well as at times when Portuguese independence was either in danger or lost. Portugal's birth as a separate state in the 12th century was in part a consequence of the king of Castile's granting the "County of Portucale" to a transplanted Burgundian count in the late 11th century. For centuries Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal struggled for supremacy on the peninsula, until the Castilian army met defeat in 1385 at the battle of Aljubarrota, thus assuring Portugal's independence for nearly two centuries. Portugal and its overseas empire suffered considerably under rule by Phillipine Spain (1580-1640). Triumphant in the War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68), Portugal came to depend on its foreign alliances to provide a counterweight to a still menacing kindred neighbor. Under the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, England (later Great Britain) managed to help Portugal thwart more than a few Spanish invasion threats in the next centuries. Rumors and plots of Spain consuming Portugal continued during the 19th century and even during the first Portuguese republic's early years to 1914.

   Following difficult diplomatic relations during Spain's subsequent Second Republic (1931-36) and civil war (1936-39), Luso-Span-ish relations improved significantly under the authoritarian regimes that ruled both states until the mid-1970s. Portugal's prime minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and Spain's generalissimo Francisco Franco signed nonaggression and other treaties, lent each other mutual support, and periodically consulted one another on vital questions. During this era (1939-74), there were relatively little trade, business, and cultural relations between the two neighbors, who mainly tended to ignore one another. Spain's economy developed more rapidly than Portugal's after 1950, and General Franco was quick to support the Estado Novo across the frontier if he perceived a threat to his fellow dictator's regime. In January 1962, for instance, Spanish army units approached the Portuguese frontier in case the abortive military coup at Beja (where a Portuguese oppositionist plot failed) threatened the Portuguese dictatorship.

   Since Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974, and the death of General Franco and the establishment of democracy in Spain (1975-78), Luso-Spanish relations have improved significantly. Portugal has experienced a great deal of Spanish investment, tourism, and other economic activities, since both Spain and Portugal became members of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986.

   Yet, Portugal's relations with Spain have become closer still, with increased integration in the European Union. Portugal remains determined not to be confused with Spain, and whatever threat from across the frontier exists comes more from Spanish investment than from Spanish winds, marriages, and armies. The fact remains that Luso-Spanish relations are more open and mutually beneficial than perhaps at any other time in history.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Spain

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